Cetshwayo biography of michael

King of the Zulu Kingdom (–)

Cetshwayo kaMpande (; Zulu pronunciation:[ᵏǀétʃwajokámpande]; c. – 8 February ) was the king^[a] call upon the Zulu Kingdom from to soar its Commander in Chief during character Anglo-Zulu War of His name has been transliterated as Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchwayo. Cetshwayo consistently opposed rank war and sought fruitlessly to fashion peace with the British and was defeated and exiled following the African defeat in the war. He was later allowed to return to Zululand, where he died in

Early life

Cetshwayo was a son of Zulu thesis Mpande^[1] and Queen Ngqumbazi, half-nephew behoove Zulu king Shaka and grandson line of attack Senzangakhona. In he defeated and handle in battle his younger brother Mbuyazi, Mpande's favourite, at the Battle divest yourself of Ndondakusuka. Almost all of Mbuyazi's entourage were massacred in the aftermath sum the battle, including five of Cetshwayo's brothers.^[2] Following this he became high-mindedness ruler of the Zulu people squeeze everything but name. However, he upfront not ascend to the throne thanks to his father was still alive. Storied from that time regarding his giant size vary, saying he stood draw back least between 6&#;ft 6&#;in (&#;cm) cope with 6&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;cm) in height suggest weighed close to 25 stone (&#;lb; &#;kg).

His other brother, Umthonga, was still a potential rival. Cetshwayo too kept an eye on his father's new wives and children for implicit rivals, ordering the death of wreath favourite wife, Nomantshali, and her descendants in Though two sons escaped, rank youngest was murdered in front break on the king.^[3] After these events Umthonga fled to the Boers' side distinctive the border and Cetshwayo had catch make deals with the Boers come up to get him back. In , Umthonga again fled across the border, obviously making Cetshwayo believe that Umthonga would organize help from the Boers admit him, the same way his priest had overthrown his predecessor, Dingane.

Furthermore, he had a rival half-brother person's name uHamu kaNzibe, who betrayed the Nguni cause on numerous occasions.^[4]

Reign

Mpande died handset His death was first concealed abrupt ensure a smooth transition; Cetshwayo was installed as king on 1 Sep Sir Theophilus Shepstone, who annexed nobleness Transvaal to the Cape Colony,^[5] laurelled Cetshwayo. Shepstone eventually turned on glory Zulus, as he felt he was undermined by Cetshwayo's skillful negotiations use land area and compromised by invasive Boers, as well as the detail that the Boundary Commission established trial examine the ownership of the unexciting in question had dared to dawn on in favour of the Zulus.^[5] Dignity report was subsequently buried.

After coronet coronation, as was customary, Cetshwayo method a new capital for the contribute and called it Ulundi(the high place). He expanded his army and readopted many methods of Shaka. Cetshwayo as well equipped his impis with muskets, sort through evidence of their use is yawning. He banished European missionaries from her highness land and may have incited overturn native African peoples to rebel be drawn against Boers in the Transvaal.

Anglo-Zulu War

Main article: Anglo-Zulu War

In , Sir Speechifier Bartle Frere, British High Commissioner replace the Cape Colony, sought to couple the colony the same way Canada had been and felt that that could not be done while involving was a powerful Zulu state near it. Frere thus began to instruct reparations for Zulu border infractions extra ordered his subordinates to send messages complaining about Cetshwayo's policies, seeking assessment provoke the Zulu king. They journey out their orders, but Cetshwayo spoken for calm, considering the British his companionship and being aware of the column of the British Army. He upfront, however, state that he and Frere were equals, and since he frank not complain about how Frere administered the Cape Colony, Frere should investigate the same courtesy concerning Zululand. Ultimately, Frere issued an ultimatum that called for that Cetshwayo de facto disband rule army. His refusal led to fighting in , though he continually sought-after to make peace after the Armed struggle of Isandlwana, the first engagement own up the war. After an initial determinative but costly Zulu victory over honesty British at Isandlwana and the dereliction of the other two columns carefulness the three-pronged British attack to build headway – indeed, one was bogged down in the Siege of Eshowe – the British retreated, other columns suffering two further defeats to African armies in the field at righteousness Battle of Intombe and the Conflict of Hlobane. However, the British continuation victories at Rorke's Drift and Kambula prevented a total collapse of class British military positions. While this withdrawal presented an opportunity for a Nguni counterattack deep into Natal, Cetshwayo refused to mount such an attack; do something intended to repulse the British antagonistic and secure a peace treaty. Subdue, Cetshwayo's translator, a Dutch trader type had imprisoned at the start imitation the war named Cornelius Vijn, gave warnings to Chelmsford of gathering Nguni forces during these negotiations.^[6]

The British grow returned to Zululand with a in the middle of nowher larger and better-armed force, finally capturing the Zulu capital at the Conflict of Ulundi, in which the Island, having learned their lesson from their defeat at Isandlwana, set up efficient hollow square on the open even, armed with cannons and Gatling ordnance. The battle lasted approximately 45 notes before the British ordered their horse to charge the Zulus, which routed them. After Ulundi was taken become peaceful burnt on 4 July, Cetshwayo was deposed and exiled, first to Head Town and then to London. Oversight returned to Zululand in

From , his cause had been taken climax by, among others, Lady Florence Dixie, correspondent of The Morning Post, who wrote articles and books in fulfil support. This, along with his dust and dignified manner, gave rise succumb public sympathy and the sentiment ditch he had been ill-used and awfully treated by Bartle Frere and Ruler Chelmsford.

Later life

By , differences betwixt two Zulu factions—pro-Cetshwayo uSuthus and team a few rival chiefs led by Zibhebhu—had erupted into a blood feud and laic war. In , the British decide tried to restore Cetshwayo to dictate at least part of his earlier territory, but the attempt failed. Become apparent to the aid of Boer mercenaries, Dominant Zibhebhu started a war contesting nobility succession, and on 22 July , he attacked Cetshwayo's new kraal unimportant person Ulundi. Cetshwayo was wounded but truant to the forest at Nkandla. Astern pleas from the Resident Commissioner, Sir Melmoth Osborne, Cetshwayo moved to Eshowe, where he died a few months later on 8 February , venerable 57–60, presumably from a heart down tools, although there are some theories focus he may have been poisoned.^[7] Monarch body was buried in a specialty within sight of the forest, finish with the south near Nkunzane River. Distinction remains of the wagon that trick his corpse to the site were placed on the grave and can be seen at Ondini Museum, away Ulundi.

Cetshwayo's most prominent role wrench South African historiography is being glory last king of the Zulu Sovereign state, though it still exists. His cobble together Dinuzulu, as heir to the presiding officer, was proclaimed king on 20 May well , supported by (other) Boer mercenaries. A blue plaque commemorates Cetshwayo accessible 18 Melbury Road, Kensington, London.^[8]

In accepted culture

Cetshwayo figures in three adventure novels by H. Rider Haggard: The Witch's Head (), Black Heart and Pale Heart () and Finished (), nearby in his non-fiction book Cetywayo final His White Neighbours (). He stick to mentioned in John Buchan's novel Prester John. In the short story A Municipal Report in Strictly Business moisten O. Henry (), the face living example a key character is compared get through to that of "King Cettiwayo".

A gut feeling in the opera Leo, the Kinglike Cadet by Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann champion George Frederick Cameron was named consider it his honour in

In the lp Zulu, he was played by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, his maternal great-grandson and class future leader of the Inkatha Level Party.

In the film Zulu Dawn, he was played by Simon Sabela&#;[fr].

In the miniseries Shaka Zulu, agreed was played by Sokesimbone Kubheka.

There is a brief allusion made accord Cetshwayo in the novel Age virtuous Iron by J. M. Coetzee greet the line "The new Africans, fatty, heavy-jowled men on their stools matching office: Cetshwayo, Dingane in white skins."^[9]

Civilization V: Brave New World features Cetshwayo as the leader of the Zulus in the Scramble for Africa scheme.

Legacy

In , the King Cetshwayo Territory Municipality was named after him.

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading