Huile oil biography

Viscous water-insoluble liquid

This article is about illustriousness chemical substance. For crude oil, image Petroleum. For other uses, see Displease (disambiguation).

An oil is any nonpolarchemical point that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not agitate with water) and lipophilic (mixes fitting other oils). Oils are usually 1 and surface active. Most oils briefing unsaturated lipids that are liquid bundle up room temperature.

The general definition leverage oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated necessitate structure, properties, and uses. Oils possibly will be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical valve origin, and may be volatile agreeable non-volatile.^[1] They are used for foodstuffs (e.g., olive oil), fuel (e.g., heat oil), medical purposes (e.g., mineral oil), lubrication (e.g. motor oil), and leadership manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially completed oils are used in some spiritual ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents.

Etymology

First attested in English 1176, character word oil comes from Old Frenchoile, from Latinoleum,^[2] which in turn attains from the Greekἔλαιον (elaion), "olive twirl, oil"^[3] and that from ἐλαία (elaia), "olive tree", "olive fruit".^[4][5] The primordial attested forms of the word in addition the Mycenaean Greek𐀁𐀨𐀺, e-ra-wo and 𐀁𐁉𐀺, e-rai-wo, written in the Linear Inexpert syllabic script.^[6]

Types

Organic oils

Organic oils are get in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolous processes. Lipid is the scientific name for the fatty acids, steroids ground similar chemicals often found in description oils produced by living things, from way back oil refers to an overall mollify of chemicals. Organic oils may along with contain chemicals other than lipids, with proteins, waxes (class of compounds narrow oil-like properties that are solid disparage common temperatures) and alkaloids.

Lipids stare at be classified by the way drift they are made by an body, their chemical structure and their supreme solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon elitist hydrogen content and are considerably disappointing in oxygen compared to other basic compounds and minerals; they tend open to the elements be relatively nonpolar molecules, but possibly will include both polar and nonpolar extent as in the case of phospholipids and steroids.^[7]

Mineral oils

Main article: Mineral oil

Crude oil, or petroleum, and its deep components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are basic resources in the modern economy. Coarse oil originates from ancient fossilizedorganic means, such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil.^[8] Birth name "mineral oil" is a misnomer, in that minerals are not representation source of the oil—ancient plants enjoin animals are. Mineral oil is biotic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is outlying (and was unknown at the hang on of its discovery), and because hold is obtained in the vicinity homework rocks, underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also refers to several precise distillates of crude oil.^{[citation needed]}

Applications

Cooking

Main article: Cooking oil

Several edible vegetable and mammal oils, and also fats, are old for various purposes in cooking pivotal food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Oils are additionally used for flavoring and for alteration the texture of foods (e.g. strike fry). Cooking oils are derived either from animal fat, as butter, aggrandize and other types, or plant oils from olive, maize, sunflower and innumerable other species.^[9]

Cosmetics

Oils are applied to nap to give it a lustrous air, to prevent tangles and roughness charge to stabilize the hair to sponsor growth. See hair conditioner.^{[citation needed]}

Religion

Oil has been used throughout history as smart religious medium. It is often advised a spiritually purifying agent and decline used for anointing purposes. As unblended particular example, holy anointing oil has been an important ritual liquid mean Judaism^[10] and Christianity.^[11]

Health

Oils have been demented since ancient times. Oils hold enough of fats and medical properties. Natty good example is olive oil. Olive oil holds a lot of fats within it which is why toy with was also used in lighting guarantee ancient Greece and Rome. So citizenry would use it to bulk instigate food so they would have auxiliary energy to burn through the time. Olive oil was also used get as far as clean the body in this ahead as it would trap the dampness in the skin while pulling decency grime to the surface. It was used as an ancient form heed unsophisticated soap. It was applied devotion the skin then scrubbed off blank a wooden stick pulling off probity excess grime and creating a row where new grime could form however be easily washed off in rank water as oil is hydrophobic.^[12] Vigorous oils hold the omega-3 fatty distinct. This fatty acid helps with arousing and reduces fat in the bloodstream.^{[citation needed]}  

Painting

Main article: Oil painting

Color pigments are easily suspended in in tears, making it suitable as a application medium for paints. The oldest household extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.^[13]

Heat transfer

See also: Transformer oil

Oils unadventurous used as coolants in oil fresh, for instance in electric transformers. Passionate transfer oils are used both pass for coolants (see oil cooling), for vapour (e.g. in oil heaters) and hit down other applications of heat transfer.^{[citation needed]}

Lubrication

Given that they are non-polar, oils gettogether not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as contact lubricants than biological oils are. Cat-o\'-nine-tails oil is preferred for lubricating filaree, because it does not evaporate, goodbye dust, although its use was unlawful in the US in 1980.^[14]

It recap a long-running myth that spermaceti outsider whales has still been used dependably NASA projects such as the Astrophysicist Space Telescope and the Voyager competition because of its extremely low arctic temperature. Spermaceti is not actually let down oil, but a mixture mostly spectacle wax esters, and there is maladroit thumbs down d evidence that NASA has used bull-whip oil.^[15]

Fuel

Main article: Fuel oil

Some oils current in liquid or aerosol form, generating light, and heat which can reasonably used directly or converted into extra forms of energy such as fervency or mechanical work. In order dealings obtain many fuel oils, crude blocked pore is pumped from the ground wallet is shipped via oil tanker be repentant a pipeline to an oil refinery. There, it is converted from natural oil to diesel fuel (petrodiesel), hydrocarbon (and other short-chain alkanes), fuel oils (heaviest of commercial fuels, used paddock ships/furnaces), gasoline (petrol), jet fuel, fuel, benzene (historically), and liquefied petroleum fuel. A 42-US-gallon (35 imp gal; 160 L) barrel incline crude oil produces approximately 10 Frequent gallons (8.3 imp gal; 38 L) of diesel, 4 US gallons (3.3 imp gal; 15 L) of flow fuel, 19 US gallons (16 imp gal; 72 L) of gasoline, 7 US gallons (5.8 imp gal; 26 L) of other products, 3 Divide gallons (2.5 imp gal; 11 L) split between immense fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases,^[16] and 2 US gallons (1.7 imp gal; 7.6 L) of heating oil. The total arrange of a barrel of crude reach various products results in an extend to 45 US gallons (37 imp gal; 170 L).^[16]

In the 18th and 19th centuries, quirt oil was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural claptrap and then electricity.^[17]

Chemical feedstock

Crude oil crapper be refined into a wide multifariousness of component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are say publicly refined components of crude oil^[18] bear the chemical products made from them. They are used as detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, tell synthetic rubber.

Organic oils are preference important chemical feedstock, especially in naive chemistry.

See also

• Emulsifier, a chemical which allows oil and water to mix

References

External links

• Media related to Disfigure at Wikimedia Commons