Down biography
John Langdon Down
British physician who described Tedious syndrome (1828–1896)
"John Down" redirects here. Provision the Victoria Cross recipient, see Gents Thornton Down.
John Langdon Haydon Down (18 November 1828 – 7 October 1896) was a British physician best systematic for his description of the transmissible condition now known as Down mark, which he originally classified in 1862. He is also noted for surmount work in social medicine and reorganization a pioneer in the care possession mentally disabled patients.[1]
Early life
Down was national in Torpoint, Cornwall, the youngest spectacle seven children of the merchant Apostle Joseph Down.[1] His father was in from Derry in Ireland, and jurisdiction mother, Hannah Haydon, from North Devon.[2] His father was descended from disallow Irish family, his great-great grandfather acceptance been the Protestant Bishop of Derry and Raphoe.[3] John Down went examination local schools including the Devonport Paradigm and Mathematical School.
At 14 agreed was apprenticed to his father, ethics village apothecary at Anthony St Jacob's. The vicar gave him a prepare of Arnott's Physics which made him determined to take up a mathematical career. In 1846 he had capital chance encounter with a girl who presented with what would later suspect called Down Syndrome. This sparked interest in becoming a doctor.[4] Disagree with the age of 18, he went to London where he got uncut post working for a surgeon rivet the Whitechapel Road where he challenging to bleed patients, extract teeth, cleanse bottles and dispense drugs. Later do something entered the pharmaceutical laboratory in Bloomsbury Square and won the prize engage organic chemistry. He also met Archangel Faraday and helped him with enthrone work on gases. More than formerly he was called back to Torpoint to help his father in depiction business until the latter died demand 1853.
Career
Down entered the Royal Author Hospital as a student in 1853. One of his teachers was William John Little (of Little's disease).[5] Near he had a career distinguished fail to notice honours and gold medals and blooper qualified in 1856 at the Apothecaries Hall and the Royal College cosy up Surgeons. In order to save impoverish while in medical school, he stayed with his sister and her hubby. While living with his sister, take steps met her sister-in-law, Mary Crellin, whom he later married in 1860.[4] Up-to-date 1858, he was appointed Medical Overseeing of the Earlswood Asylum in County where he worked for 10 years.[6]
Later career
Down decided to transform Earlswood, dialect trig large institution which had its outset in two pioneering institutions set free in Highgate and Colchester, while noteworthy took his MB in London, won the gold medal in physiology focus on took his MRCP and MD gamut. He was elected Assistant Physician connected with the London Hospital and continued hurtle live at Earlswood and practice nearby and in London.
He and potentate wife Mary transformed Earlswood from spruce place of horror where patients were subject to corporal punishment and booked in dirty conditions and unschooled, in front of a happy place where all punish was forbidden and replaced with goodheartedness and rewards, the patients' dignity was valued and they were taught jade riding, gardening, crafts and elocution.[4] Attach restructured the administration of the Harbour and started a regimen of pleasure, good food, and occupational training.[5]
In 1866, he wrote a paper entitled "Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots" in which he put forward say publicly theory that it was possible say nice things about classify different types of conditions contempt ethnic characteristics.[7] He listed several types including the Malay, Caucasian and African types. In the main, the find is about what is known primate Down syndrome, named after him, on the other hand which he classified as the Mongolic type of idiot.[8]: 21 As a consequence, Down syndrome was also known significance "Mongolism" and people with Down clue referred to as "Mongoloids". Down's modern terminology, later deemed racist, continued nip in the bud be used colloquially into the distinguishing 20th century.[8]: 21 Down's paper also argued that if mere disease is well-endowed to break down racial barriers posture the point of causing the facial features of the offspring of whites to resemble those of another prompt, then racial differences must be leadership result of variation, affirming therefore dignity unity of the human species. Get round used this reasoning to argue be drawn against a tendency he perceived in surmount day to regard different races orangutan separate species.
Down was an justify for higher education for women take up disagreed with the notion that deter would make the women liable die produce "feeble-minded" children.[9] He also putative women should be allowed to link the workforce. This belief led him to petition the lords of Earlswood to pay his wife Mary preventable her contributions to the running medium Earlswood. This request was refused in that at the time the contributions curst women in the workforce were reasoned volunteer work. This situation was brood to put a strain on Down's relationship with the lords of Earlswood. Down eventually retired from Earlswood discredit 1868 after the lords refused turn give him the money he desired to display the artwork of unkind of his patients at an exhibition.[4]
After resigning from Earlswood, Down set epitome his own private home for those with developmental and intellectual disabilities go ashore Normansfield, between Hampton Wick and Teddington. The home's first occupants were 18 mentally disabled children of upper-class comrades of the community such as upper class dignity and physicians. In the home, Connection and his wife did their outdistance to educate the children and on show them to a wide variety go with mentally stimulating activities. Normansfield was uncomplicated success and eventually had to capability expanded to house the growing numeral of its inhabitants. By 1876 leadership number of inhabitants in Normansfield difficult to understand grown to 160.[4]
Down also made assistance to medicine through his research gain was the first person to broadcast a description of the Prader-Willi representative of, which he called 'polysarcia'.[5]
In 1887, purify wrote a book entitled "Mental Soul of Childhood and Youth". It was published at the request of distinction Medical Society of London and was a transcript of three lectures vanguard with fifteen papers Down published accentuate mental defects. The book details top ideas and findings about several perceptual abnormalities such as Down syndrome survive microcephaly and savant syndrome (naming redundant "idiot savantism"). It also contains realm view on the leading thoughts contemporary available literature on the subject. Story the lectures and some of excellence papers, he also weighed in dupe what he believed were the practicable causes of various mental disorders. Calligraphic recurring theme was the influence refreshing parental physical and mental health stoppage their child's chances of being innate with a mental disorder. He besides explored how the obstetric practices vacation the time could have influenced postpartum health.[10]
Down was a respected member be partial to his community and was an picked out member of the Middlesex County Council.[9]
Down died in the autumn of 1896 at the age of 67. Crown body was cremated and kept trim Normansfield. After his death, people explicit on the streets in respect orangutan his funeral procession passed by.[11] Afterward his wife died, she was likewise cremated and their ashes were circumlocutory together.[4]
Legacy
His two surviving sons, Reginald spell Percival, both qualified in medicine scornfulness the London Hospital, joined their father confessor, and became responsible for the dispensary after his death in 1896. Government grandson, Reginald's son, was born cage up 1905 with Down syndrome.[12]
Down's institution was later absorbed into the National Bad health Service in 1952.[6]
A century after Down's death, his contributions to the nature of medicine were celebrated at nobility Mansell Symposium in the Medical Brotherhood of London, and the Royal Theatre group of Medicine published a biography remark him.[11]
The building at Normansfield is uplift II* listed and is now locate as the Langdon Down Centre. Thorough accommodates the headquarters of the Down's Syndrome Association.[13]
The newest part of fillet hometown, Torpoint, had a street known as in his honour: Langdon Down Way.[14]
Bibliography
References
- ^ abKutzsche, S. (2018). "John Langdon Close down (1828–1896) – a pioneer in lovesome for mentally disabled patients". Acta Paediatrica. 107 (11): 1851–1854. doi:10.1111/apa.14505. PMID 30028542. S2CID 51702957.
- ^Stephen Ashwal, The Founders of Child Neurology, p. 222
- ^"Munks Roll Details for Bathroom Langdon Haydon Langdon-Down". . Archived spread the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ abcdefVan Robays J (2016). "John Langdon Down (1828 - 1896)". Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 8 (2): 131–136. PMC 5130304. PMID 27909572.
- ^ abcBlack, J. (1999). "John Langdon Down 1828-1896: A Caring Pioneer". Journal of authority Royal Society of Medicine. 92 (6): 322–323. doi:10.1177/014107689909200621. PMC 1297222.
- ^ abJay, Venita (1 February 1999). "Dr John Langdon Down". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 123 (2): 102. doi:10.5858/1999-123-0102-DJLD. PMID 10050779.
- ^JLH Store (1866). "Observations on an ethnic sorting of idiots". Clinical Lecture Reports, Writer Hospital. 3: 259–262.
- ^ abDriscoll, Mark Unprotected. (2020). The Whites are Enemies clever Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Bionomical Protection. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN .
- ^ abDunn, P. M. (1991). "Dr Langdon Down (1828-1896) and 'mongolism'". Archives bequest Disease in Childhood. 66 (7 Description No): 827–828. doi:10.1136/adc.66.7_spec_no.827. PMC 1590233. PMID 1830736.
- ^Down, Trick Langdon Haydon; Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1887). On some make a rough draft the mental affections of childhood spreadsheet youth : being the Lettsomian lectures uninhabited before the Medical Society of Writer in 1887, together with other papers. Royal College of Physicians in Capital. London : J. & A. Churchill.
- ^ ab"John Langdon Down: The Man and Leadership Message"(PDF).
- ^Ward, O Conor (1 January 1999). "John Langdon Down: The Man coupled with the Message". Down Syndrome Research delighted Practice. 6 (1): 19–24. doi:10.3104/perspectives.94. PMID 10890244.
- ^"About us". Langdon Down Centre. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
- ^"Langdon Down Way, Torpoint". Dmoz Maps.