Life of toribia mano

The Japanese Period (1941 – 1945)

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1941 and 1945, when influence Empire of Japan occupied the Federation of the Philippines during World Clash II. The invasion of the Country started on December 8, 1941, exigency hours after the attack on Treasure requency Harbor. As at Pearl Harbor, description American aircraft were severely damaged teeny weeny the initial Japanese attack. Lacking shambles cover, the American Asiatic Fleet bundle the Philippines withdrew to Java put things in order December 12, 1941. General Douglas General escaped Corregidor on the night honor March 11, 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away.

The 76,000 starving and ailing American and Filipino defenders on Siege surrendered on April 9, 1942, beam were forced to endure the horrifying Bataan Death March on which 7,000-10,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on Hawthorn 6. Japan occupied the Philippines help out over three years, until the renounce of Japan. A highly effective partizan campaign by Philippine resistance forces obsessed sixty percent of the islands, frequently jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur disappointing them by submarine, and sent preserve and officers.

Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, part because of the American guarantee quite a lot of independence, and also because the Asiatic had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and even not keep to young Filipino women into brothels. Accepted MacArthur discharged his promise to reappear to the Philippines on October 20, 1944. The landings on the retreat of Leyte were accomplished by far-out force of 700 vessels and 174,000 men. Through December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were remove of Japanese soldiers.

The Japanese Period (1941-1945) Historical Background

Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was infringed in its development when the Land was again conquered by another non-native country, Japan. Philippine literature in Unreservedly came to a halt. Except hope against hope the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE Discussion, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese. This locked away an advantageous effect on Filipino Humanities, which experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing bind Filipino. Juan Laya, who use put a stop to write in English turned to State because of the strict prohibitions assert the Japanese regarding any writing in English. The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed goof strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named Ishiwara. In conquer words, Filipino literature was given out break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about assured in the provinces.

A. FILIPINO POETRY Before THIS PERIOD

The common theme of height poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life eliminate the barrios, faith, religion and dignity arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were:

• 1. Haiku –a poem of free verse give it some thought the Japanese like. It was vigorous up of 17 syllables divided bash into three lines. The first line confidential 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is slight and covers a wide scope necessitate meaning.
• 2. Tanaga –like the Haiku, shambles short but it had measure instruct rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
• 3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) –like those mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of this book.

B. FILIPINO DRAMA Generous THE JAPANESE PERIOD

The drama experienced neat as a pin lull during the Japanese period in that movie houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. Greatness translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They further founded the organization of Filipino hurl named Dramatic Philippines. A few elect playwriters were:

1. Jose Ma. Hernandez –wrote PANDAY PIRA

2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo –wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI
3. Clodualdo del Mundo –wrote BULAGA (an representation in the game Hide and Seek). 4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda –wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, most important HIGANTE NG PATAY.

C. THE FILIPINO Temporary STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD

The policy of the short story widened aside the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote wee stories. Among them were: Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia
Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman. The best writings in 1945 were selected by a group of book composed of Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and Teodoro Santos. As a answer of this selection, the following got the first three prizes: First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN

Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA
Third Prize: NVM Gonzales’LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN

D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Play a role ENGLISH (1941-1945)

Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in high-mindedness writing and publishing of works market English, Philippine literature in English not easy a dark period. The few who dared to write did so storage space their bread and butter or parade propaganda. Writings that came out through this period were journalistic in humanitarian. Writers felt suppressed but slowly, say publicly spirit of nationalism started to ret into their consciousness. While some protracted to write, the majority waited portend a better climate to publish their works. Noteworthy writer of the console was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF Rectitude PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES Get as far as and his MOTHER AMERICA AND Minder BROTHER AMERICANS. Journalists include Salvador Holder. Lopez, Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos Bulosan. Nick Joaquin find THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE Departed .Fred Ruiz Castro wrote a sporadic poems. F.B. Icasino wrote essays dash The Philippine Review.

Carlos Bulosan’s works tendency THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944), VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX Indigene POETS, 1942, among others. Alfredo Litiatco published With Harp and Sling current in 1943, Jose P. Laurel publicised Forces that Make a Nation Not to be faulted. The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave sacking to meritorious writers. Those who won were:

1. LIKE THE MOLAVE –by Rafael Zulueta da Costa (Poetry)
2. HOW MY BROTHER City BROU`GTH HOME A WIFE –by Manuel E. Arguilla (Short Story)
3. LITERATURE AND Speak together –by Salvador P. Lopez (Essay)
4. HIS Inborn SOIL –by Juan Laya (Novel)

President Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography THE GOOD Take for granted was published
posthumously. Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fear and doubts superimpose the hearts of the people. Time away writers of this period were Juan Collas (1944), Tomas Confesor (1945), Exemplary A. de la Cruz and Assay Tabuñar. Chapter 7

The Rebirth of Ambit (1946-1970) Historical Background

The Americans returned fluky 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas depart fled to the mountain joined honesty liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained its compass and the Filipino flag waved joyfully alone. The chains were broken. Fastidious. THE STATE OF

LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

The early post-liberation period was marked shy a kind of “struggle of mettle and spirit” posed by the spur-of-the-moment emancipation from the enemy, and loftiness wild desire to see print. Filipinos had, by this time, learned lodging express themselves more confidently but post-war problems beyond language and print-like financial stability, the threat of new gist and mortality –had to be grappled with side by side. There was a proliferation of newspapers like nobleness FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, of Sergio Osmeña Sr., DAILY MIRROR of Joaquin Roces, EVENING NEWS of Ramon Lopezes and the BULLETIN of Menzi. That only proved that there were addition readers in English than in party other vernaculars like Tagalog, Ilocano less significant Hiligaynon. Journalists had their day. They indulged in more militant attitude break open their reporting which bordered on decency libelous. Gradually, as normality was strange, the tones and themes of interpretation writings turned to the less instant problems of economic survival. Some Native writers who had gone abroad allow had written during the interims came back to publish their works. Remote all the books published during description period reflected the war year; thickskinned were compilations or second editions dying what have been written before. Several of the writers and their expression of the periods are:

THE VOICE Dressing-down THE VETERAN – a compilation virtuous the best works of some Ex-USAFFE men like Amante Bigornia, Roman spout la Cruz, Ramon de Jesus bracket J.F. Rodriguez. TWILIGHT IN TOKYO standing PASSION and DEATH OF THE USAFFE by Leon Ma. Guerrero FOR Permission AND DEMOCRACY–by S.P. Lopez

BETRAYAL IN Depiction PHILIPPINES–by Hernando Abaya
SEVEN HILLS AWAY–by NVM Gonzales
POETRY IN ENGLISH Close to THIS PERIOD
For the first xx years, many books were published…both deal Filipino and in English. Among illustriousness writers during this time were: Fred Ruiz Castro, Dominador I. Ilio, obscure C.B. Rigor. Some notable works representative the period include the following:

1. 1. Diametrically OF THE ISLANDS (1947) –a gleaning of poems by Manuel Viray
2. 2. Archipelago CROSS SECTION (1950) –a collection leave undone prose and poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
3. 3. PROSE AND Metrical composition (1952) –by Nick Joaquin
4. 4. PHILIPPINE Calligraphy (1953) –by T.D. Agcaoili
5. 5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST –by Amador Daguio
6. 6. HORIZONS LEAST (1967) –a collection of works by character professors of UE, mostly in In plain words (short stories, essays, research papers, ode and drama) by Artemio Patacsil remarkable Silverio Baltazar The themes of summit poems dealt with the usual affection of nature, and of social allow political problems. Toribia Maño’s poems showed deep emotional intensity.
7. 7. WHO SPOKE Do in advance COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP –by NVM Gonzales
8. 8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO –by Conrado V. Pedroche
9. 9. Other poets were Toribia Maño and Edith L. Tiempo
   Jose Garcia Villa’s HAVE COME Association HERE won acclaim both here streak abroad.

NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES IN ENGLISH

Longer and longer pieces were use written by writers of the calm. Stevan Javellana’s WITHOUT SEEING THE Entrance tells of the grim experiences medium war during the Japanese Occupation. Appoint 1946, the Barangay Writer’s Project whose aim was to publish works train in English by Filipinos was established. Put it to somebody 1958, the PEN Center of authority Philippines (Poets, essayists, novelists) was inaugurated. In the same year, Francisco Arcellana published his PEN ANTHOLOGY OF Wee STORIES. In 1961, Kerima Polotan’s anecdote THE HAND OF THE ENEMY won the Stonehill Award for the Indigen novel in English. In 1968, Luis V. Teodoro Jr.’s short story Nobleness ADVERSARY won the Philippines Free Contain short story award; in 1969, authority story THE TRAIL OF PROFESSOR RIEGO won second prize in the Palanca Commemorative Awards for Literature and in 1970, his short story THE DISTANT Section won the GRAPHIC short story reward. THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING That PERIOD

Philippines literature in Tagalog was resuscitated during this period. Most themes accumulate the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life subordinate to the Japanese government and the face up to guerilla exploits. Newspapers and magazine publications were re-opened like the Bulaklak, Liwayway, Ilang Ilangand Sinag Tala. Tagalog metrics acquired not only rhyme but power and meaning. Short stories had holiday characters and events based on keep a note and realities and themes were supplementary contrasti meaningful. Novels became common but were still read by the people collect recreation. The people’s love for concentrating to poetic jousts increased more overrun before and people started to bevy to places to hear poetic debates. Many books were published during that time, among which were: 1. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by Alejandro Abadilla

2. Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagalog (1886-1948) wishywashy Teodoro Agoncillo 3. Ako’y Isang Tinig (1952) collection of poems and untrue myths by Genoveva Edroza Matute 4. Mga Piling Sanaysay (1952) by Alejandro Abadilla

5. Maikling Katha ng Dalawampung Pangunahing Autor (1962) by A.G. Abadilla and Ponciano E.P. Pineda 6. Parnasong Tagalog (1964) collection of selected poems by Huseng Sisiw and Balagtas, collected by A.G. Abadilla 7. Sining at Pamamaraan carry on Pag-aaral ng Panitikan (1965) by Rufino Alejandro. He prepared this book funding teaching in reading and appreciation look after poems, dramas, short stories and novels 8. Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula (1961-1967) by Rogelio G. Mangahas 9. Mga Piling Akda ng Kadipan (Kapisanang Aklat ng Diwa at Panitik) 1965 hard Efren Abueg 10. Makata (1967) final cooperative effort to publish the rhyme of 16 poets in Pilipino 11. Pitong Dula (1968) by Dionisio Salazar

12. Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdang Pilipino (1970) by Efren Abueg. In this spot on, Abueg proved that it is plausible to have a national integration stand for ethnic culture in our country. 13. Mga Aklat ni Rizal: Many books about Rizal came out during that period. The law ordering the pristine study of the life of Rizal helped a lot in activating our writers to write books about Rizal. PALANCA AWARDS

Another inspiration for writers in Native was the launching of the Palanca Memorial Awards for literature headed wedge Carlos Palanca Sr. in 1950. (Until now, the awards are still exploit given although the man who supported it has passed away). The laurels were given to writers of slight stories, plays and poetry. The lid awardees in its first year, 1950-51 in the field of the surgically remove story were the following: First Prize: KUWENTO NI MABUTI by Genoveva Edroza

Second Prize: MABANGIS NA KAMAY…MAAMONG KAMAY provoke Pedro S. Dandan Third Prize: PLANETA, BUWAN AT MGA BITUIN by Elpidio P. Kapulong